微观道路交通安全教育活动效果评估研究

道路交通安全教育活动效果评估的对象是特定时间点一次具体道路交通安全教育活动,是属于微观效果评估。针对具体的一次教育活动效果进行评估,应用柯氏四级教育评估模式和考夫曼五级评估模式理论,考虑受教者的主观感受和客观变化,从受教者“主观感受——满意度”和受教者“自身改变——影响力”两个层面来进行评估,建立了道路交通安全教育活动效果指标体系,并对指标具体含义进行解释,确立了评估流程。     

基于表面活性技术的温拌沥青混合料压实特性

通过对不同温度和温拌剂添加量下温拌沥青混合料和热拌沥青混合料的体积对比,发现基于表面活性技术的温拌沥青混合料能够显著降低沥青混合料的拌和及压实温度,温拌沥青混合料的拌和及压实温度能够降低到130～135℃和120～125℃.通过室内试验得到的温度能够保证温拌沥青混合料在实际施工中得到压实,并且各项指标能够达到热拌沥青混合料的标准.     

Impact of Everyday Weather on Individual Daily Travel Behaviours in Perspective: A Literature Review

Despite the hundreds of billions of dollars being spent on infrastructure development -- from roads, rail and airports to energy extraction and power networks to the Internet -- surprisingly little reliable knowledge exists about the performance of these investments in terms of actual costs, benefits and risks. This paper presents results from the first statistically significant study of cost performance in transport infrastructure projects. The sample used is the largest of its kind, covering 258 projects in 20 nations worth approximately US$90 billion (constant 1995 prices). The paper shows with overwhelming statistical significance that in terms of costs transport infrastructure projects do not perform as promised. The conclusion is tested for different project types, different geographical regions and different historical periods. Substantial cost escalation is the rule rather than the exception. For rail, average cost escalation is 45% (SD=38), for fixed links (tunnels and bridges) it is 34% (62) and for roads 20% (30). Cost escalation appears a global phenomenon, existing across 20 nations on five continents. Cost estimates have not improved and cost escalation not decreased over the past 70 years. Cost estimates used in decision-making for transport infrastructure development are highly, systematically and significantly misleading. Large cost escalations combined with large standard deviations translate into large financial risks. However, such risks are typically ignored or underplayed in decision-making, to the detriment of social and economic welfare.     

略论赵元任《阿丽丝漫游奇境记》翻译中的节奏美

节奏是儿童文学中儿童语音美的构成要素之一。本文试图结合赵元任先生对《阿丽丝漫游奇境记》的翻译思想,分析赵元任先生对节奏翻译的处理方法,旨在探讨儿童文学翻译中节奏的审美再现的实现手段,期望对儿童文学翻译者予以启示。     

高速公路机电设施维护精细化管理探讨

随着高速公路里程的逐步增多,机电设备种类的不断增加,现有机电设备的逐渐老化,高速公路机电系统维护越来越成为重要议题.从人员管理、设备管理及日常养护管理三个方面予以分析,提出人员管理应科学化、设备（备件）管理应制度化和日常维护应定量化.     

多模式公交网络中考虑定制公交的活动与出行建模

近年来,由于一些新型交通服务的出现与迅速发展,多模式公交网络包含了更多的交通模式.定制公交作为一种创新的公共交通服务,在中国许多城市引起了人们的广泛关注. 针对包含定制公交的多模式公交网络,本文提出了基于活动的模型以模拟出行者的活动与出行行为.本模型探究了由于定制公交的出现,人们在多模式公交网络中的行为决策变化,并采用了超级网络以同时模拟用户的活动与出行行为.为研究定制公交的容量约束与预约机制,在模型中有效模拟了用户的逐日学习与调整过程.本文通过实例验证了所提出模型的有效性,结果显示,定制公交的运营显著影响了出行者的活动与出行行为.     

基于时间地理学的居民活动空间测度方法研究

活动空间能够反映居民受到的时空制约以及移动自由度，对分析居民出行行为有重要研究意义.本文基于时间地理学理论，强调时间维度对个体活动空间的重要塑造作用，引入活动持续时间作为权重因子，构建了活动空间的时空重心测度模型，提出“偏移度”“扩展度”两个概念来量化个体活动空间，并与传统空间中心测度方法进行对比分析，最后，以昆明市居民调查数据进行实例验证.结果表明，活动空间是由时间和空间两大要素共同决定，当存在出行距离大于4 km以上，偏移度对空间测度的修正程度约为5%~15%，时间要素对活动空间的影响程度变得较为敏感.     

Temporal and spatial variation in allocating annual traffic activity across an urban region and implications for air quality assessments

Patterns of traffic activity, including changes in the volume and speed of vehicles, vary over time and across urban areas and can substantially affect vehicle emissions of air pollutants. Time-resolved activity at the street scale typically is derived using temporal allocation factors (TAFs) that allow the development of emissions inventories needed to predict concentrations of traffic-related air pollutants. This study examines the spatial and temporal variation of TAFs, and characterizes prediction errors resulting from their use. Methods are presented to estimate TAFs and their spatial and temporal variability and used to analyze total, commercial and non-commercial traffic in the Detroit, Michigan, U.S. metropolitan area. The variability of total volume estimates, quantified by the coefficient of variation (COV) representing the percentage departure from expected hourly volume, was 21%, 33%, 24% and 33% for weekdays, Saturdays, Sundays and holidays, respectively. Prediction errors mostly resulted from hour-to-hour variability on weekdays and Saturdays, and from day-to-day variability on Sundays and holidays. Spatial variability was limited across the study roads, most of which were large freeways. Commercial traffic had different temporal patterns and greater variability than non-commercial vehicle traffic, e.g., the weekday variability of hourly commercial volume was 28%. The results indicate that TAFs for a metropolitan region can provide reasonably accurate estimates of hourly vehicle volume on major roads. While vehicle volume is only one of many factors that govern on-road emission rates, air quality analyses would be strengthened by incorporating information regarding the uncertainty and variability of traffic activity.     

论虚工作是单双代号网络图的实质性区别

单代号网络图与双代号网络图区别的主要形式是其符号含义的互换。由于符号含义互换带来它们之间某些时间参数计算和关键线路确定的方法不同,但是这些不同都是当双代号网络图存在虚工作时引起的。所以单双代号网络图除符号含义不同之外,其时间参数计算的实质区别取决于双代号网络图中有无虚工作。针对网络计划一实例分析了虚工作造成的实质性区别,说明了这种实质性的区别在网络计划应用中的重要性。     

An exploration of the relationships between socioeconomics,land use and daily trip chain pattern among low-income residents

Daily trip chain complexity and type choices of low-income residents are examined based on activity travel diary survey data in Nanjing, China. Statistical tests reveal that non-work trip chain complexity is distinctly distinct between low-income residents and non-low-income residents. Low-income residents are inclined to make simple non-work chains. Two types of econometric models, a stereotype logit model and mixed logit model, are then developed to investigate the possible explanatory variables affecting their trip pattern. The number of stops within a chain and chain types are considered as dependent variables, while independent variables include household and personal characteristics as well as land use variables. Results show that once convenient and flexible conditions are supplied, low-income residents are more likely to make multiple activities in a trip chain. Areas with high population and employment densities are associated with complex work trip chains and more non-work activity involvement.